Stocks ended Friday's session sharply lower, posting their worst weekly performance in more than a year, as investors grow increasingly worried that Washington may not reach a deal to raise the debt ceiling before the deadline.

At the preliminary close, the Dow Jones industrial average (INDU) fell 97 points, or 0.8%, to close at 12,143. Friday's selling was broad, with 28 out of the Dow's 30 members trading in the red. The blue chips were led lower by shares of drug maker Merck (MRK, Fortune 500) and technology company Hewlett-Packard (HPQ, Fortune 500).

For the week, the Dow sunk 4.2% -- its worst weekly performance since June 2010.

The S&P 500 (SPX) traded down 8 points, or 0.7%, to 1,292; and the Nasdaq Composite (COMP) lost 10 points, or 0.4%, to 2,756. The S&P 500 dropped 3.6% and the Nasdaq lost 3.9% for the week.

Along with the debt ceiling, investors had to work through a disappointing government report showing the U.S. economy grew at a 1.3% annual rate in the second quarter. The data was far worse than expected.

"The GDP number was nothing short of a disaster and worse," said Dave Rovelli, managing

director of US equity trading at Canaccord Adams. "We went from little growth to no growth."

The Triple-A debt club

America's Debt Crisis: Investors remained unnerved after House Speaker John Boehner delayed a vote late Thursday on his plan to raise the debt ceiling. However, after the initial delay, Boehner's bill now has the votes to pass the House. Republican leadership apparently agreed to attach a balanced budget amendment to Boehner's bill to help court the Tea Party.

The market's fear factor -- the CBOE Market Volatility Index (VIX), commonly called the VIX -- jumped up 8.2% in part on both the GDP and debt ceiling news. That's still below 30, which denotes high fear in the marketplace, but the index has shot up more than 46% in just the past five days.

"People are just crossing their fingers that these morons in Congress will get a deal done by Monday," Rovelli added.

But even if Boehner's plan does pass the House, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid has promised the Democratic-controlled Senate will block it, and President Obama re-emphasized on Friday that he would veto it.

But investors are mostly positive that a deal will get done.

"There's enough ideas in all the bills that have passed in the House and the Senate, that we can cobble something together that everyone can agree to," Orlando said.

Bonds: The price on the benchmark 10-year U.S. Treasury rose, pushing the yield down to 2.83% from 2.95% late Thursday.

Short-term Treasuries saw moderate selling on Friday, as investors pulled money out of securities that would likely be the first affected by a government default. The yield one-month T-bill was up to 0.18% from 0.15% Thursday.

Currencies and commodities: The dollar strengthened against the euro and British pound, but weakened against the Japanese yen.

Oil for September delivery fell $1.74, or 1.8%, to $95.70 a barrel.

Gold futures for August delivery jumped $14.90, or 0.9%, to $1,628.30 an ounce. Earlier in the session, gold hit an intraday record of $1,634.90 an ounce.

Companies: Drugmaker Merck (MRK, Fortune 500) said it plans reduce its workforce by 12% to 13% from 2009 levels by the end of 2015, as the next phase of a restructuring program. Shares fell 2%

Shares of Newell Rubbermaid (NWL, Fortune 500) rose 8% after the company said it earned 46

cents a share in the second quarter, beating forecasts by four cents. The household products company also lowered its full-year guidance, citing higher commodity costs and weaker sales.

Shares of online travel site Expedia (EXPE) jumped 9%, after the company reported better-than-expected earnings.

Economy: The Chicago purchasing managers index fell to a reading of 58.8 in July. Economists had expected a reading of 58, according to Briefing.com. The level still indicates an expansion in the region's manufacturing activity.

World markets: European stocks fell moderately on Friday. Britain's FTSE 100 lost 1%, the DAX in Germany was off 0.4% and France's CAC 40 slid 0.9%.

In a widening of Europe's debt crisis, Moody's said it may downgrade Spanish debt. The credit rating agency said that while the country's sovereign rating was being placed under review, any downgrade would most likely be "limited to one notch."

Asian markets ended lower. The Shanghai Composite edged down 0.3%, the Hang Seng in Hong Kong fell 0.6% and Japan's Nikkei declined 0.7%

Economists say the debt ceiling debate has already damaged the U.S. economy, and many worry that a deadlock could send the country hurtling into a double-dip recession.

"Growing uncertainty about the ultimate outcome inevitably has some negative effect on business capital investment and hiring as the August 2 deadline approaches," said David Crowe of the National Association of Home Builders.

So far, the damage has been fairly limited, with most economists surveyed by CNNMoney saying the debate has reduced the nation's gross domestic product by only a few tenths of a percentage point, at most, to date.

And economists generally aren't too worried about the economic impact of the U.S. briefly breaking past the Aug. 2 deadline.

"If a deal appears imminent, there will not be any impact on GDP," said Bill Watkins, executive director of the Center for Economic Research and Forecasting.

But the impact could be substantial if a prolonged battle prevents the government from sending out millions of checks owed to Social Security beneficiaries, federal employees, active-duty soldiers and other Americans dependent on government funds.

Economy still stuck in the mud

If the debt ceiling isn't raised, the federal government won't be able to pay 44% of its bills in August, worth an estimated $134 billion, according to a Bipartisan Policy Center analysis. That's the rough equivalent of cutting annual spending by $1.6 trillion -- enough to have a major effect on the economy.

But just how major?

One third of economists surveyed said a new recession is possible if there's a prolonged deadlock. And the threat is even greater because the economy is still healing from the last recession.

"It could precipitate a double-dip given that the economy is weak," said Watkins.

Some compared it to the financial meltdown in the fall of 2008 that turned a typical economic downturn into the Great Recession.

"If a default is allowed to occur, this would be the equivalent of self inflicting a financial crisis that is larger and more damaging than the one from which the economy is still struggling to recover," said Sean Snaith, professor of economics at the University of Central Florida.

Economists disagree on just how long past the deadline negotiators could go before triggering a recession. David Wyss, an economist at Brown University, said a couple of weeks of deadlock might not cause too much damage. But "if the problem extends, it probably means a return to recession with a negative third and fourth quarter."

But the majority of the 18 economists surveyed believe the economy will keep growing, albeit more slowly, even with a continued debt ceiling impasse.

A prolonged deadlock would shave a few points off of GDP for the rest of the year, but stop short of an actual recession, said David Nice of Mesirow Financial.

He doesn't think debt debate will drag on for too long, but if it does, he would cut the firm's forecast for economic growth roughly in half in the third quarter.

Consumers all but shut their wallets in the second quarter, causing the U.S. economy to grow at a tepid pace.

To make matters worse, growth in the first quarter was much slower than initially thought, according to new government figures released Friday.

"It's quite worrisome as the economy remains at stall speed in the second quarter," said Sal Guatieri, senior economist with BMO Capital Markets. "If that continues, then it would raise the risks of a double dip."

Gross domestic product, the broadest measure of the nation's economic health, rose at an annual rate of 1.3% in the second quarter, the Commerce Department said.

While that's an increase from the revised 0.4% growth rate in the first three months of the year, it is hardly good news. The government originally reported that the economy grew at a 1.9% annualized rate in the first quarter.

The growth in the second quarter was also below the 1.8% increase expected by economists surveyed by CNNMoney.

Dubbed a "soft patch" by economists and even Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, the economy's sluggishness was due to a variety of factors that weighed on consumers and businesses.

Higher gas prices for one, hit Americans hard when they peaked at a national average of $3.98 a gallon in May.

Top 10 consumer complaints

Overall, consumer spending, which accounts for roughly 70% of gross domestic product, picked up only 0.1% in the second quarter -- marking a significant slowdown from growth of 2.1% in the first three months of the year.

"The major disappointment in the report was the weakness in consumer spending, and it wasn't just fewer automobiles being sold due to Japan's earthquake. There was broad-based softness in consumer spending." Guatieri said.

It marked the slowest growth in consumer spending since the fourth quarter of 2009.

Looking back further, it also now appears that American consumers had less disposable income than originally thought from 2007 through 2010, whereas corporate profits were revised significantly higher for 2009 and 2010.

The government revised the GDP data back to 2003 and also found the recession was worse than originally thought.

Overall, the theme of the U.S. recovery continues to be one driven by companies holding cash on the sidelines and building up their infrastructure, rather than a recovery driven by consumers.

Americans on Main Street continue to be held back by slow job growth and the housing slump, even as major companies report strong profits and have mostly solid balance sheets.

Where the jobs are

According to the latest GDP report, investment in commercial real estate surged 8.1% in the

second quarter, and business spending on equipment and software rose 5.7%.

Meanwhile, exports rose 6%. The U.S. continues to import far more goods and services than it exports to foreign countries, but because imports grew at a slower rate of 1.3%, that also contributed positively to GDP.

The aftermath of Japan's earthquake and tsunami may have been one of the major reasons import growth slowed, as the U.S. bought fewer auto parts from the country.

Friday's GDP report also sparked cries from economists for lawmakers to act quickly in raising the debt ceiling and agree to a deal to cut the national deficit over the long term.

"We don't expect a recession, but if policymakers drag their feet -- which they are doing -- it will be a little more likely," said Paul Dales, senior U.S. Economist for Capital Economics.

Guatieri said: "If the government does not raise the debt ceiling and is forced to cut back spending and Social Security checks, that could undermine consumer spending even further."

This cartoon by Schrank from The Independent on Sunday shows German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy relaxing on a pier in the shape of Europe, while Barack Obama surfs towards them on a giant wave marked 'U.S. Debt Crisis'.

COMMENTARY

Merkel and Sarkozy might have thought that they had earned a holiday after coming up with a second Greek rescue package (the newspaper headline reads "Greece bailed out again"), but the European pier (i.e., economy) looks decidedly rickety and risks being engulfed by the looming U.S. debt crisis. An American default would have disastrous consequences not only for the U.S. but the world economy, possibly starting a new recession.

That's the $14.3 trillion question as each day ticks closer to next week's debt ceiling deadline and Congress shows no sign of brokering a deal.

If lawmakers fail to raise the ceiling by Tuesday, the Treasury Department has said it will no longer be able to guarantee that it can pay all the country's bills in full and on time.

That's because Treasury will not be taking in enough revenue to cover all the bills coming due in August. And without a debt ceiling increase, it will be prohibited from borrowing new money in the bond market to make up the difference.

So, something will have to give.

The consensus thinking has been that Treasury will prioritize who to pay first and who to put off. And at the top of the list of who gets paid will be investors owed interest on U.S. debt. If the investors aren't paid, that would constitute a default, which would have a host of negative consequences for the country.

Of course, it's possible Treasury may decide it doesn't actually have the authority to prioritize and will instead pay interest owed to bond investors but pay other bills as they come due -- first come, first served, said former Treasury official Jay Powell, who coauthored a Bipartisan Policy Center report on the consequences of not raising the debt ceiling.

Assuming, however, that Treasury believes it has the authority to prioritize, it's not clear yet who will be paid first alongside investors. The Treasury has said it will provide more information as Tuesday approaches, and Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch has requested that the department turn over its plan by 5 p.m. on Thursday.

The plan, however, isn't likely to make anyone feel better.

Will I get my Social Security check?

That's because everyone to whom money is owed besides bond investors have either qualified for federal benefits, provided goods or services to the government, are serving in the military or otherwise work for Uncle Sam. Money will also be due to agencies to which Congress has legally appropriated money to run federal programs.

On deck to be paid every month: retirees, veterans, business owners, federal workers, active-duty soldiers, Medicare physicians and government agencies that need money to keep the lights on, to name just a few.

"While at midnight on August 2nd we don't all turn into pumpkins," White House spokesman Jay Carney said in a press briefing, he described the process of picking who to pay and who to put off as a "Sophie's choice."

How the math might work: The Bipartisan Policy Center estimates that Treasury will be short by about $134 billion for the month of August.

That cash deficit will build steadily throughout the month.

So, on Aug. 3, for instance, the center estimates that Treasury will take in $12 billion in revenue and have to pay out $32 billion, creating a $20 billion cash deficit. Among the biggest bills due that day: $23 billion for Social Security payments, $2.2 billion for Medicare and Medicaid payments, and $1.8 billion due to defense vendors.

On Aug. 4, the group estimates that the cash deficit will increase to $26 billion, with only $4 billion in revenue coming in, compared to $10 billion in bills, the largest of which would be for Medicaid and Medicare.

Come Aug. 5, the cash deficit grows another $5 billion to $31 billion.

By Aug. 15, the Bipartisan Policy Center estimates that the running cash deficit will hit $74
billion. That day the Treasury will take in an estimated $22 billion in revenue and have to pay out roughly $41 billion. The biggest bill that day is a $30 billion interest payment.

Cash on hand: What's not yet clear is how much cash Treasury might have on hand going into August.

The Bipartisan Policy Center estimates it might have enough, in theory, to pay bills in full until Aug. 10.

Even if that's right, however, Treasury may still decide to withhold some payments sooner to preserve cash to ensure it can make interest payments after Aug. 10.

It may also keep some cash on hand to ensure it can make principal payments on bonds coming due after Aug. 10.

Treasury will be able to hold bond auctions to roll over existing debt as it matures -- more than $450 billion is expected to come due in August.

However, if there isn't enough demand for Treasuries because of the uncertainty the political crisis in Washington has caused, those auctions may fail to raise all that Treasury needs to pay the principal due.

So Uncle Sam would have to pony up using the revenue coming in. That would mean even less money available to pay seniors, vets, small business owners and others who are part of the lifeblood of the U.S. economy.

The nation is just days away from the debt ceiling deadline, and no one knows exactly what will happen when the borrowing limit is reached. But even in the worst case scenarios, many experts think investors will flock to U.S. Treasuries.

That possibility would mean lower borrowing costs for the government, not the spike in interest rates that many were expecting.

"Intuitively, this might not make sense because you would think there would be selling of Treasuries, but instead the Treasury market is well-supported," said Richard Bryant, head of Treasury trading at MF Global.

The experts admit they're not sure how markets will react if there is no solution by the Aug. 2 deadline. But many believe that stocks will suffer more in the uncertainty caused by a debt ceiling crisis.

"We'll have a liquidation of risky assets and a flight into quality," said Kim Rupert, Managing director of Fixed Income for Action Economics. "There really isn't an alternative [to Treasuries]."

Market news

U.S. Treasuries are such a massive market -- about $9.8 trillion -- that they dwarf the markets of other so-called "safe havens" such as gold, top-rated corporate debt or the bonds of other countries with AAA ratings.

And the expectation that the U.S. Treasury will continue to pay the principal and interest payments owed on existing debt, even in the case of a prolonged deadlock, will give investors a sense of confidence, even if there is a downgrade.

"I don't think a rating change will fundamentally change anyone's view about the likelihood of being paid back on Treasuries," said Josh Fienman, chief economist DB Advisors. "They will continue to think that Treasuries are 'money- good.'"

Fienman said that the U.S. debt ceiling crisis is widely viewed as less serious than the lingering worries about European sovereign debt. He said the U.S. needs to address its long-term government deficits, but that is a problem that needs to be solved in the coming decades, not coming days.

"This is a self-inflicted crisis. No one in the market is unwilling to lend to the U.S., " he said. "Some people find it galling, but no matter what the U.S. does, it's able to borrow at extraordinarily low interest rates."

Some worry about whether foreign investors will sour on U.S. Treasuries if there is a crisis. But countries with huge holdings of U.S. debt, such as China, have an interest in making sure that bonds stay strong during a debt ceiling crisis so as not to hurt the value of their existing holdings.

"We suspect that China would quickly pledge to continue purchases of Treasury securities, just as it has done for debt issued by governments in the eurozone, given the even greater risks to its own wealth from a financial meltdown in the U.S.," said Julian Jessop Chief International Economist for Capital Economics in a note Thursday. "China's own rating is currently AA-, so it would be odd for Beijing to make a big deal of a downgrade that would almost certainly still leave the U.S. rating higher.

A prolonged debt ceiling deadlock could quickly cause the government to stop making other payments , cutting paychecks to federal workers, contractors and citizens depending on payments such as Social Security.

Analysis by the Bipartisan Policy Center estimates that cut in spending could come to $134 billion in August alone, roughly the equivalent of cutting annual spending by $1.6 trillion. And that slashing in spending has many economists worried that the crisis could spark a new recession.

But a recession, while terrible for stocks and a country as a whole, can be good for bond prices, which move in the opposite direction of bond yields. Lower inflation expectations that typically accompany a recession lowers the returns that investors demand on a nation's debt.

The record low yield for the 10-year Treasury of just above 2% came in December 2008, when the country teetered on the edge of a new depression. Rupert said yields could approach those lows, nearly a full percentage point below current levels, if another recession starts.

One other factor that could lift bond prices is that Treasury could be forced to stop selling new bonds, which would limit the supply available for investors. Limiting supply typically helps to lift prices.

Thursday's auction of 7-year Treasuries came in with a yield of 2.25%, the lowest rate Treasury has had to pay for notes of that term since last November.

A bipartisan group of U.S. senators on Tuesday revived an ambitious budget plan that could provide new ideas for breaking the impasse in Congress over raising the nation's credit limit by August 2.

President Barack Obama threw his support behind the proposal by the "Gang of Six" senators, saying it was broadly consistent with his approach on reducing debt and deficits.

Obama urged Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, a fellow Democrat, and Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell to start "talking turkey" about it.

Senate Budget Committee Chairman Kent Conrad, one of the six Democratic and Republican senators who have been working since December on a deficit-reduction plan, said the proposed $3.75 trillion in savings over 10 years contains $1.2 trillion in new revenues.

The group briefed about half of the 100-member Senate and "the response was very favorable," Conrad told reporters.

He said the group asked fellow senators to take 24 hours to look at the proposal and "report back to us."

According to an executive summary of the plan, it would immediately impose $500 billion in deficit cuts, cut security and non-security spending over 10 years with spending caps, make the Medicare and Medicaid healthcare programs operate more efficiently and abolish the Alternative Minimum Tax.

Asked whether the plan could become part of urgent negotiations that link deficit reduction to raising the U.S. government's borrowing authority by August 2, Conrad said: "Could the two get married? Could they get combined at some point? I'm sure that's possible."

But leaders must first find out whether the proposal has enough support in the Senate, he said.

But a senior Senate Democratic aide said, for now, "there are no discussions" on incorporating Gang of Six ideas into legislation to raise the debt limit beyond $14.3 trillion.

TAXES AT ISSUE

Conrad was quick to say that while there are $1.2 trillion in new revenues, the overall plan envisions a $1.5 trillion tax cut that would be achieved through broad tax reforms.

Most Republicans, especially Tea Party members in the House of Representatives, have vowed to block any revenue increases.

The Senate group's hope has been that if the three conservative Republican members embrace revenue increases, the idea could catch fire among other Republicans in the Senate and House -- especially if popular but expensive entitlement programs such as Medicare also shoulder some cuts.

In another politically risky move, the Gang of Six plan would achieve significant savings in healthcare programs, Conrad said. The specific spending cuts would be decided later by congressional committees.

Conrad said a separate measure would reform the Social Security retirement program to stabilize its finances for the next 75 years.

The effort got a boost as conservative Republican Senator Tom Coburn rejoined the group after taking a "sabbatical" in mid-May amid heavy disagreement over Medicare spending cuts. It was not yet clear how Coburn's concerns have since been addressed.

On Monday, Coburn unveiled his own plan to cut $9 trillion in deficits over a decade, including nearly $1 trillion in revenue increases.

Revenue proposals are not likely to include income tax rate increases. Instead, they could center on repealing or rolling back special tax favors such as those for ethanol blenders and companies that operate corporate jets, as well as preferential tax treatment for fund managers.

Those specific decisions likely would be up to House and Senate tax-writing committees, along with broader tax reform questions.

The Chinese government, the top international investor in U.S. Treasuries, urged the U.S. government to get its debt under control or its credibility will suffer.

"We hope the U.S. government will take responsible policies and measures to boost global financial market confidence and respect and protect the interests and investors," said the Chinese government's State Administration of Foreign Exchange in a statement on its website.
The Chinese statement referred to U.S. debt as "the reflection of the credibility of the U.S. government" and an important investment tool.

The Chinese government also said it "noticed the opinion expressed by S&P and other rating companies regarding the credibility rating of the U.S. sovereign debt," offering an unpleasant reminder of a recent credit rating action.

In April, Standard & Poor's said the United States was at risk of having the triple-A rating on its debt lowered within two years if Washington can't agree on bringing down the national deficit. The agency lowered the outlook on America's long-term credit rating to "negative" from "stable."

In Washington on Tuesday, a bipartisan group of Senators called the Gang of Six put forward a plan to slash the nation's deficit by about $3.7 trillion over ten years. The plan has received praise from other senators and President Obama.

Debt ceiling delay would be 'chaotic'

Meanwhile, U.S. lawmakers are locking horns over whether they should increase the debt ceiling by Aug. 2. Failure to raise the debt ceiling could result in a default

The debt ceiling talks, for weeks now, have been going on behind closed doors. The negotiations have been conducted by a tiny group of legislative leaders and President Obama's top aides.
All the while, the countdown to Aug. 2, when the government will no longer be able to pay all its bills, has marched closer.

Any proposal will still have to be put into legislative language, scored by the Congressional Budget Office and vetted by rank-and-file lawmakers whose votes will decide its fate.

Even after the principal negotiators announce a deal, the rest of Congress will have to be convinced to go along. The closer to D-Day Washington gets, the messier it will be.

Witness what happened on Sept. 29, 2008, when the House at first rejected the $700 billion bank bailout bill.

Weeks earlier, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had been placed into conservatorship by the Treasury Department. Lehman Brothers had filed for bankruptcy. AIG Corp, the world's biggest insurer, had been bailed out by the Federal Reserve.

After all that, the Senate passed the bill. And then, as markets watched, the measure was voted down in the House -- a defeat that shocked investors and congressional leaders on both sides of the aisle.

Debt ceiling: What happens if Congress doesn't raise it?

Following the vote, the Dow slumped 778 points, in the biggest single-day point loss ever.
A few days later, the House reversed course and passed a modified version of the bill. Some 58 members switched their votes.

Why was the process so hard? A principal reason is that it was rushed.

Lawmakers who voted against the bill warned that "being stampeded" into a decision would be a serious mistake.

"Wall Street is so hungry for the $700 billion they can taste it. To get it they need to ... create panic, block alternatives and herd the cattle. We ask Congress not to rush," California Democrat

Rep. Brad Sherman said before the vote.

"I am voting against this today because it's not the best bill. It's the quickest bill," Rep. Marilyn Musgrave, Republican of Colorado, told the New York Times. "Taxpayers for generations will pay for our haste and there is no guarantee that they will ever see the benefits."

Norman Ornstein, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, said lawmakers now face a similar situation, but this time around, "It's worse."

Lawmakers aren't going to have a lot of time to consider their options. And all the negotiations are happening behind closed doors, limiting the involvement of rank-and-file members.

"With TARP, it wasn't clear that another day or two wouldn't make a big difference," Ornstein said. "If you take two to three days messing around with this, you end up with what could be a profound and very long lasting impact."

The White House has already warned that time is running short, saying that a deal needs to be completed in the next couple days in order to give Congress time to pass a bill.

Alabama Republican Sen. Jeff Sessions has voiced concern about the timeline, saying there is a "very real risk that no text will be available until the last minute" and that a bare minimum of seven days is needed to review legislation.

How Washington screwed up the budget

"The real endgame here is not August 2," Ornstein said. "It takes time to put any agreement into legislative language and get it scored. It sure as hell doesn't look to me like we are urgently moving to make sure that happens."

And like 2008, not everyone is dealing with the same set of facts. At that time, every high-ranking government official from then-President Bush on down was warning of dire consequences if TARP faltered in the House.

That moved a few members into the "yes" column, but not all.

"We're on the cusp of a complete catastrophic credit meltdown. There is no liquidity in the market," Rep. Sue Myrick, a North Carolina Republican, said in a statement before the vote. "We are out of time. Either you believe that fact, or you don't. I do."

Right now, despite warnings from Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner, President Obama, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke and even House Speaker John Boehner, a number of Republicans remain so-called debt ceiling deniers.

"You've got enough people out there, way too many people, who aren't going to be convinced until Armageddon actually happens," Ornstein said.